SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2508, 2509, 2516, 2515, 2513, 2518, 2533, 
    2528, 2530, 2534, 2532, 2529
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00057

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "13.81"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 24,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 24,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2508,2509,2516,2515,2513,2518,2533,2528,2530,2534,2532,2529))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "11.41",
        "eval_cost": "2.40",
        "prefix_cost": "13.81",
        "data_read_per_join": "84K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}