SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1204, 1202, 1201, 1203, 1199, 1212, 1213, 
    1208, 1223, 1222, 1214, 1244, 1259, 
    1245, 1246, 1249, 1248, 1247, 1250, 
    1251, 1254, 1252, 1253, 1256, 1258, 
    1257, 1255, 1261, 1260, 1264, 1265, 
    1262, 1277
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00056

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "40.66"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 72,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 72,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (1204,1202,1201,1203,1199,1212,1213,1208,1223,1222,1214,1244,1259,1245,1246,1249,1248,1247,1250,1251,1254,1252,1253,1256,1258,1257,1255,1261,1260,1264,1265,1262,1277))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "33.46",
        "eval_cost": "7.20",
        "prefix_cost": "40.66",
        "data_read_per_join": "254K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}