SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1193, 1197, 1198, 1278, 1279, 1283, 1310, 
    1309, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1325, 
    1326, 1327, 1328, 1334, 1388, 1403, 
    1415, 1416, 1417, 1441, 1446, 1447, 
    1448, 1449, 1450, 1454, 1455, 1459, 
    1479, 1492, 1493, 1498, 1501
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00105

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "87.76"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 175,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 175,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (1193,1197,1198,1278,1279,1283,1310,1309,1311,1312,1313,1314,1325,1326,1327,1328,1334,1388,1403,1415,1416,1417,1441,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1454,1455,1459,1479,1492,1493,1498,1501))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "70.26",
        "eval_cost": "17.50",
        "prefix_cost": "87.76",
        "data_read_per_join": "619K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}