SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    419, 444, 420, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 
    450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 
    458, 459, 460, 461, 469, 470, 471, 472, 
    473, 474, 475, 476, 477
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00025

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "24.36"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 38,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 38,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (419,444,420,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "20.56",
        "eval_cost": "3.80",
        "prefix_cost": "24.36",
        "data_read_per_join": "134K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}