SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1522, 1578, 1587, 1633, 1637, 1647, 1655, 
    1677, 1775, 1808, 1934, 1958
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00110

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "60.61"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 128,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 128,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (1522,1578,1587,1633,1637,1647,1655,1677,1775,1808,1934,1958))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "47.81",
        "eval_cost": "12.80",
        "prefix_cost": "60.61",
        "data_read_per_join": "453K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}

Result

category_id parent_id
1523 1522
1524 1522
1525 1522
1526 1522
1579 1578
1580 1578
1581 1578
1582 1578
1583 1578
1584 1578
1585 1578
1586 1578
1588 1587
1589 1587
1590 1587
1591 1587
1592 1587
1593 1587
1594 1587
1595 1587
1634 1633
1635 1633
1636 1633
1638 1637
1639 1637
1640 1637
1643 1637
1644 1637
1645 1637
1646 1637
1648 1647
1649 1647
1650 1647
1651 1647
1652 1647
1653 1647
1654 1647
1656 1655
1657 1655
1658 1655
1659 1655
1660 1655
1661 1655
1662 1655
1663 1655
1664 1655
1665 1655
1666 1655
1667 1655
1668 1655
1669 1655
1670 1655
1671 1655
1672 1655
1678 1677
1680 1677
1685 1677
1696 1677
1704 1677
1705 1677
1707 1677
1714 1677
1720 1677
1725 1677
1726 1677
1731 1677
1744 1677
1747 1677
1753 1677
1755 1677
1765 1677
1768 1677
1769 1677
1776 1775
1777 1775
1778 1775
1779 1775
1780 1775
1781 1775
1782 1775
1783 1775
1784 1775
1785 1775
1786 1775
1787 1775
1788 1775
1789 1775
1790 1775
1791 1775
1792 1775
1793 1775
1794 1775
1795 1775
1796 1775
1797 1775
1798 1775
1799 1775
1800 1775
1801 1775
1802 1775
1803 1775
1804 1775
1805 1775
1806 1775
1807 1775
1809 1808
1810 1808
1811 1808
1812 1808
1813 1808
1814 1808
1815 1808
1816 1808
1817 1808
1818 1808
1819 1808
1820 1808
1821 1808
1822 1808
1827 1808
1828 1808
1829 1808
1830 1808
1831 1808
1832 1808
1833 1808
1834 1808
1835 1808
1836 1808
1837 1808
1838 1808
1959 1958
1960 1958
1961 1958