SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1144, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1158, 
    1159, 1160, 1178, 1181, 1182, 1185, 
    1186, 1189, 1190, 1191
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00030

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "22.71"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 41,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 41,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (1144,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1158,1159,1160,1178,1181,1182,1185,1186,1189,1190,1191))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "18.61",
        "eval_cost": "4.10",
        "prefix_cost": "22.71",
        "data_read_per_join": "145K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}