SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1678, 1680, 1685, 1696, 1704, 1707, 1705, 
    1714, 1725, 1726, 1731, 1720, 1744, 
    1747, 1753, 1768, 1769, 1755, 1765
  ) 
  AND category_id != 414

Query time 0.00044

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "41.66"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 82,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 82,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (1678,1680,1685,1696,1704,1707,1705,1714,1725,1726,1731,1720,1744,1747,1753,1768,1769,1755,1765))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "33.46",
        "eval_cost": "8.20",
        "prefix_cost": "41.66",
        "data_read_per_join": "290K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`s2cart`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 414)"
    }
  }
}